Manipulation Nation
January, 2007
 


News

Bush Issues Order to Increase His Influence Over New Government Regulations (posted on 1-31-07) 
President Bush last week published an executive order that says that each federal agency must create a regulatory policy office run by a presidential representative.  This gives the president greater control over potential regulations that increase business costs, such as ones on worker safety, health, and the environment.  In the past, these rules have been created by civil servants and scientists.
New York Times article by Robert Pear (1-30-07)

Does it seem like a conflict of interest in a democracy when its most powerful person can grant himself more power and influence? 

George_W_Bush.jpg
Photo from PoliticalCritic.com

Government Global Warming Scientists Complain of Bush Administration Interference
(posted on 1-30-07)
An investigation by the Union of Concerned Scientists and the Government Accountability Group has found significant evidence of systematized Bush administration interference in the presentation of scientific findings by government scientists about global warming.  Surveys were distributed to 1600 climate scientists who reported at least 435 occasions where their work has been made more difficult or has been edited for presentation to make the conclusion of global warming appear less certain than their work has shown.
ucusa.org (1-30-07)

Pfizer Engaged in "AstroTurf Lobbying" Campaign Against Lower Drug Prices
 (posted on 1-27-07)
Currently, Pfizer Inc. is utilizing an "artificial grassroots movement" to encourage people to contact contact their senators and congresspeople and tell them they are against any bill that is created which would allow the government to negotiate lower drug prices on behalf of Medicare recipients.  (But they don't quite say it that way!)  They say that "History reminds us that when the government interferes in a free market and controls prices, the results can be dangerous." 

Large companies who do "Astroturf lobbying" are able generate significant numbers of letters and phone calls to politicians, who sometimes don't realize that an organized effort is producing them.  The "grassroots" movement is created by hired organizers who use sophisticated databases to find "activists" who appreciate the message that they are told and will act on it. 
Boston.com (1-27-07)
Los Angeles Times (1-27-07)
Sourcewatch.org
President Bush Spins Need for Troop Surge (posted on 1-26-07)
Here are two statements that the president made today:

(1) "Some are condemning the plan before it even has had a chance to work."
Mr. Bush is appealing to our sense of fairness, while not acknowledging that the American people have waited longer for this war to end than any other except the Civil War and the Vietnam War.  Mr. President, should we stay in Iraq indefinitely?

(2) "If failure is not an option, then it is up to the president to come up with a plan that is more likely to succeed."
Perhaps a more logical way to look at this situation is, "If there is practically no possibility of military success no matter what we do, what is the point of adding more troops?  More troops put in harm's way most likely mean more deaths.
"Coundown with Keith Olbermann" (1-26-07)


Study Shows Widespread Deceptive Packaging for Children's Foods
(1-26-07) 
A study by the Strategic Alliance for Healthy Food and Activity Environments found that 51% of "the most aggressively advertised children's foods that prominently feature fruit on their packaging contain no fruit at all." Examples include Captain Crunch with Crunch Berries, Fruity Cheerios, and Yoplait Go-Gurt Yogurt. 

"Food and beverage companies are some of the most sophisticated communicators in the world and are clearly capable of accurately reflecting what is in their products if they wanted to," said Leslie Mikkelsen, a registered dietician and lead author of the study.
PreventionInstitute.org (1-27-07)


Top Aide Says Cheney Directed Effort to Spin News Against Iraq War Critic
(posted on 1-25-07) 
"Vice President Dick Cheney and his former chief of staff, I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby, were personally and actively involved in an effort to spin news coverage and discredit a critic of the Iraq war even before the fact that his wife was a CIA operative became public, a senior White House official testified Thursday."

"In the first insider account of how top officials reacted when questions began to be raised about the intelligence used to justify the war, Catherine J. Martin said that at one point Cheney dictated a detailed list of talking points to be used by Libby and others in making calls to reporters. Martin was Cheney's top media aide at the time and is now deputy White House director of communications for policy and planning."
Los Angeles Times article by Richard B. Schmitt (1-25-07)
Dick_Cheney.jpg
Photo from TheAge.com.au

President Uses Clever Wording in State of the Union Address (posted on 1-24-07)
Here is a statement Mr. Bush made to the Senators and Congresspeople last night: Many in this chamber understand that America must not fail in Iraq, because you understand that the consequences of failure would be grievous and far reaching.
New York Times (1-24-07)

This is very carefully worded.  First, he is telling legislators they either understand or they don't.  Second, he is saying that if they don't agree with him, then they don't understand. Third, he defines "not understanding" as accepting failure.  Fourth, he implies that if we follow his lead, we won't fail.  Fifth, he leaves out the fact that the great majority of knowledgeable people don't think we can win militarily.  Finally, since he knows much of the country is watching, the five interpretations above apply to us; but his words come across much more powerfully when they're said indirectly.

The president's statement above is similar to the one he made the day after the last election when he said, "I thought the American people understood the importance of tax cuts and security."


Libby Says White House Sacrificed Him to Save Rove
(posted 1-23-07)
After Bush strategist Karl Rove acknowledged in a conversation with columnist Robert Novak that Valerie Plame was a CIA agent and it was printed in his syndicated column, the White House felt pressured to conduct an investigation into that leak.  The investigation cleared Rove but stopped short of clearing Scooter Libby, Dick Cheney's chief-of-staff. At that point, according to Libby's attorney,Theodore Wells, Libby went to Cheney and said "They're trying to set me up. They want me to be the sacrificial lamb," .  "I will not be sacrificed so Karl Rove can be protected."

Libby is accused of lying to outside investigators looking into the leak.
ABC News (1-23-07)

Big Tobacco Quietly Increases Nicotine Levels
(posted on 1-19-07)
According to a Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) study, large tobacco companies raised the level of nicotine in their cigarettes by 11 percent from 1998 to 2005.  They did this by increasing the concentration of nicotine in the tobacco and also by increasing the number of puffs that need to be taken by smokers to finish a cigarette.

Research team co-leader Gregory Connolly, program director of the Tobacco Control Research Program at HSPH, said that "Our analysis shows that the companies have been subtly increasing the drug nicotine year by year in their cigarettes, without any warning to consumers."
Forbes (1-18-07)

Bush Cuts Cancer Budget and Then Takes Credit for Decrease in Cancer Deaths
(posted on 1-19-07)
Keith Olbermann declared the Bush Administration yesterday as today's "Worst Person in the World" for taking credit for the decrease in cancer deaths in the past two years.  Mr. Bush declared that the cancer budget is up 26% since 2001; however, that increase is due to Clinton budget increases kicking in over time, according to Mr. Olbermann.  Mr. Bush actually cut the National Cancer Institute budget this past year and has proposed cutting it again this year. 
"Countdown with Keith Olbermann" (1-18-07)

Warrantless Wiretapping "Dropped" But What Does That Mean? (posted on 1-18-07)
After announcing to great fanfare yesterday that the government was dropping its warrantless telephone surveillance program, Alberto Gonzales, the top man in the U.S. Department of Justice, told senators today that details would remain confidential from the Senate and the American public.  As a result there is much speculation on whether there will be judicial oversight over individual wiretaps.
Time Magazine article by Brian Bennett (1-18-07)

This manipulative technique can be called "Trust Us."

Stephen Colbert Satirises Defense Secretary's Omisssion (posted on 1-17-07)
Robert M. Gates, in testimony before the House Armed Services Committee on January 11th, said "I'm pleased to report that all active branches of the United States military exceeded their recruiting goals for the month of December, with particularly strong showings by the Army and the Marine Corps." Mr. Colbert noticed, however, that Mr. Gates failed to add that recruiting goals were much lower in December than in November. Specifically, the Army's goal in November was 7000; whereas in December, it was 700. 
"The Colbert Report" (1-15-07)

Did Steve Jobs Manipulate Apple Stockholders? (posted on 1-16-07)
The president of Apple Inc. may be forced to step down from his position because the company set up secret agreements with key employees, allowing them to earn millions of dollars from gains in its stock price, even if its stock did not go up.  The money came out of Apple's earnings, money that belongs to its stockholders.
Providence Journal article by Froma Harrop (1-16-07)
Steven_Jobs.jpg
Photo from news.bbc.co.uk

Moyers Condemns Corporate Control Over the Internet
(posted 1-16-07)
At a conference for media reform on Friday, TV journalist Bill Moyers warned attendees from around the country that corporate America wants to expand its control over the Internet while limiting access by average citizens.
Free Press.Net article by Associated Press (1-13-07)

Large telecommunications and cable companies want to charge websites money for increased download speed. Not stated by these large companies, however, is that since there is a finite amount of download capacity, customers of the small website owners that cannot afford to pay higher fees will sometimes be forced to wait longer than they do at present to access data on those websites. 

Muhammad Ali Cashes In on His Name
(posted on 1-15-07)
"Ali is lending his name, image and reputation as the "Greatest Of All Time" to a snack food aimed at 18-to-24-year olds. It's the former heavyweight champion's first foray into marketing his image since selling most of the rights to his name and likeness for $50 million last year." 

"The snack food is produced in conjunction with Mars, Inc., through a company called "G.O.A.T." It stands for "Greatest Of All Time," and the snacks hit bookstore shelves at five college campuses on Wednesday, coinciding with Ali's 65th birthday.

"He transcends generations," said his wife, Lonnie Ali. "On a global basis, Muhammad is better known than most athletes."

Marketing experts say the product is a form of "persona branding," using Ali's image, name and reputation to induce customers into buying a product."
Yahoo! News article by Brett Barrouquere of the Associated Press (1-15-07)

Muhammad_Ali.jpg
Photo of Muhammad Ali by suaramerdeka.com

Tom Cruise "Helps" David Beckham
(posted on 1-14-07)
"Scientology's chief cheerleader, Tom Cruise, helped tempt David Beckham to L.A., fueling speculation the soccer ace and his wife may become the church's next celebrity converts.  Beckham said yesterday (that) a late-night phone chat with the "Mission: Impossible" star helped seal his decision to move stateside."
New York Daily News article by Adam Nichols (1-13-07)

To find out more about the manipulative side of Scientology, click here. 

Manipulation Nation

Information
The "Strict Father" Model of Understanding Conservative Thinking (posted on 1-30-07)
George Lakoff, in his book Moral Politics, describes how the political choices that conservatives make can be largely understood based on four primary notions: (1) "There is a natural order to things--- God has moral authority over people; adults have moral authority over children; men have moral authority over women, and people have moral authority over nature." (2) "Rewarding good behavior and punishing bad behavior leads to moral strength."  (3) "Maintaining authority over children leads to them becoming self-disciplined and self-reliant." (4) "Seeking one's self-interest is a moral activity and interfering with the seeking of (one's) self-interest is immoral." Based on these premises, when people are not successful, it is because they are not self-disciplined enough or aren't acting in their own self-interest.

These principles can explain conservative attitudes towards religion, criminals, drug users, Affirmative Action, gays, government social programs, environmentalism, capital punishment, the military, free enterprise, and government regulation.
Moral Politics--- How Liberals and Conservatives Think by George Lakoff (2002)

What If the US Was Invaded and 7 Million of Our People Were Killed?
(posted on 1-30-07)
Our president chose to invade Iraq almost 4 years ago.  The attack has led to the killing of over 600,000 Iraqi people, with about 12% of then leaving their homes to avoid the same fate. Iraq had about 25 million people when the war began. For the United States, this is equivalent to another country invading us and killing over 7.2 million of our people while 36 million people escape with their lives to start their over again someplace else.
Johns Hopkins School of Public Health (10-11-06)
bbc.co.uk (1-7-07)
bartleby.com

"It's true" vs "I think it's true"
 (posted on 1-29-07)
Manipulators are very good at morphing opinion into fact.  For example, let's take the difference between "You're wrong" and "I think you're wrong."  In the first case, the word choice is authoritative and stark.  The statement's force comes as much from how it's said as what is said. In many cases, it is a put-down.  On the other hand, "I think you're wrong contains the same content, but the force isn't nearly as great.  This statement is based on the realization that one's view of a situation is based on beliefs and perspective.

When people have the need to win and to be right in order to feel strong, they often do it by making black-or-white statements that cause the person they are talking to to feel bad.  

How Do People With Power Over Others Gain an Even Greater Advantage? (posted on 1-28-07)
They use psychological abuse.  The Swedish National Encyclopedia identifies many forms of psychological abuse: "humiliation, intimidation, mobbing, bullying, cyber-bullying, hate speech, manipulation, stalking, cyberstalking, relational aggression, parental aggression, psychological punishment, mind control, shunning, coercive persuasion, and harassment."
Tegis.Wordpress.com (1-26-07)

Exposing a Myth
Author Documents "Affirmative Action for the Rich" in University Admissions Process
 (posted on 1-25-07)
Many people believe that the college admissions process has traditionally provide significant opportunties the poor through Affirmative Action. However, through his research, Daniel Golden has discovered that about 30% of the students admitted to America's elite universities are there as a result of "Affirmative Action for the rich."  In his book, Price of Admission, Golden describes four categories of students who otherwise wouldn't be admitted.  They are the children of  (1) alumni, (2) donors or those who can influence funding going to the university, (3) the school's faculty and administrators, and finally, (4) scholarship athletes in prep school sports such as rowing, polo, lacrosse, sailing, and skiing.

The Century Foundation recently did a study and found that about 74% of the students at elite universities came from the upper socioeconomic quartile, whereas about 3% came from the bottom quartile. 
Price of Admission:  How America's Ruling Class Buys Its Way into Elite Colleges--- and Who Gets Left Outside the Gates, by Daniel Golden (2006)
Daniel_Golden.jpg
Photo of Daniel Golden by Random House

A Wal-Mart Whoops! (posted on 1-24-07)
For the seventh consecutive year, Business 2.0magazine has produced a piece called the "101 Dumbest Moments in Business."  Six of the dumbest for 2006 were by Wal-Mart.  Here is the Business 2.0 description of one of them:

"In September, a folksy new blog called Wal-Marting Across America pops up on the Internet."

"The blog documents the purportedly spontaneous discoveries of RV-traveling megastore megafans Jim and Laura as they pull over to chat with happy Wal-Mart employees, like the guy whose company health insurance saved his son's life, or the woman who worked her way up from cashier to corporate manager."

"Unfortunately, it neglects to mention that Wal-Mart arranged Jim and Laura's itinerary, paid for the RV, and compensated them for the blog entries. Exposed by BusinessWeek.com, the stunt is especially bad news for Edelman (its PR firm), since it violates ethical guidelines it helped to write for the nascent Word-of-Mouth Marketing Association."
Business 2.0

Wal-Mart.jpg
Photo from BagNewsNotes.Typepad.com
A System That Teaches Salespeople How to Be More Effective (posted on 1-22-07)
This system is call the "Three Brain Theory."  Its creator begins selling it by describing each of the three:

"The REPTILIAN brain. We are born with it. It is not influenced by culture or personal history. It deals with survival and reproduction. It is the center for instinctive reflexes, primitive impulses, sex and violence.  We know from history that the Reptilian brain always wins."

"The LIMBIC brain, acquired during the beginning of human life (0-5) is in relationship with the mother. It is the center of emotion, representing tensions, feelings and contradictions."

"The CORTEX, usually in place around 7, is the center of rational thinking. It is the logic tool that we use to look at the world: science, logic, control, numbers, statistics, money, and intellectual ability."


"Engineer your communication in order to create emotions and speed up decision-making.  Know the keys: Emotions drive memory. The Reptilian brain is the ultimate decision-maker. The Cortex will slow down decision-making in most situations."

"The best consumer brands and advertisers know the triggers empirically – yet it is never easy to create the right experience."

"We help you come up with an effective structure and flow for your communication, and ensure that messages and communication techniques adequately target each of the 3 brains."
SalesLab

Isn't it interesting how salespeople are taught not to fulfill what its customers' say they want but rather to take advantage of our instincts and emotions?

IRS Appears to Have Fired Almost Half of Its Most Effective Lawyers
(posted on 1-22-07)
The IRS has apparently now discharged 157 of its 345 lawyers (46%) who audit the returns of people subject to gift and estate taxes. These are tax returns of some of the country's wealthiest people.

"Estate tax lawyers are the most productive tax law enforcement personnel at the IRS. For each hour they work, they find an average of $2,200 of taxes that people owe the government."

Sharyn Phillips, an IRS estate tax lawyer, calls the cuts a 'backdoor way for the Bush administration to achieve what it cannot get from Congress, which is (the) repeal of the estate tax.'"
New York Times article by David Cay Johnston (7-23-06)

School Bus Radio Launched
(posted on 1-20-07)
This is how a company's website describes its new business:

"BusRadio has launched a national radio show that is delivered exclusively to school buses nationwide.  This free program is designed specifically to improve bus safety while providing the students with both age appropriate content and an entertaining ride to and from school."

"All participating school districts receive custom designed and installed BusRadio equipment free of charge. This automated system is completely turn key and requires no effort on the part of the school district or the contracted student transportation provider."

"With BusRadio on board, you can provide a safer and more enjoyable ride…"
BusRadio.org

Here is what CommercialFreeChildhood.org says:  BusRadio boasts that it will “take targeted student marketing to the next level” and provide companies with a “captive audience” who, unlike listeners to commercial radio, are unable to change the station during ads.  
school_bus.jpg
Photo from BusRadio.org

"How to Lie with Statistics" (posted on 1-18-07)
"The secret language of statistics, so appealing in a fact-minded culture, is employed to sensationalize, inflate, confuse, and over-simplify.  Statistical methods and statistical terms are necessary in reporting the mass data of social and economic trends, business conditions, opinion polls, and the census.  But without writers who use the words with honesty and understanding and readers who know what they mean, the result can only be semantic nonsense."
How to Lie with Statistics by Darrell Huff (1952), Page 8.

Expressing Anger at People Who Try to Control Our Actions (posted on 1-17-07)

Author Patricia Evans tells us not to feel guilty about getting angry at someone who tries to manipulate and control us. "Being angry with a controller and even shouting "stop it" to control tactics is not the same as abusive anger designed to control the other through fear and intimidation." 
Controlling People--- How to Recognize, Understand, and Deal with People Who Try to Control You by Patricia Evans,(2002), Page 176

Who Controls the Internet? (posted on 1-17-07)
The Internet is the best opportunity people have ever had to promote their own free speech to large numbers of people.  Telecommunications companies like AT&T, Verizon, and Bell South, along with cable companies such as Comcast and Time Warner have spent over $150 million to lobby Congress to pass laws to better control access to the Internet and make a lot more money than they're already making.
Save the Internet (12-08-06)

ExxonMobil Think Tank (posted on 1-17-07)
The world's largest oil company has provided over $600,000 to the Center for Science and Public Policy to alert "policy makers, the media, and the public to unreliable scientific claims and unjustified alarmism which often lead to public harm." 
PR Watch article by Bob Burton (4th Quarter, 2005)

It may lead to harm for society, however, when a "think tank" announces conclusions that it comes to about subjects such as global warming without divulging that a large part of its funding comes from a company with a major stake in what it announces.


Experts Often Sell Fear
(posted on 1-15-06)
"Armed with information, experts can exert a gigantic, if unspoken, leverage: fear. Fear that your children will find you dead on the bathroom floor of a heart attack if you do not have angioplasty surgery. Fear that a cheap casket will expose your grandmother to a terrible underground fate. Fear that a $25,000 car will crumple like a toy in an accident, whereas a $50,000 car will wrap your loved ones in a cocoon of impregnable steel. The fear created by commercial experts may not quite rival the fear created by terrorists like the Ku Klux Klan, but the principle is the same." 
Freakonomics, by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner (2005)

Behind the Scenes Before a Presidential Speech
 (posted on 1-11-07)
David Kuo, former Bush White House insider, says that before yesterday's presidential address, Mr. Bush's communications handlers almost certainly bounced back-and-forth on questions such as: "What room should he speak from?" "Should he sit or stand?" and "What can we do to make him appear stronger?" 
Huffington Post (1-10-07)
David_Kuo.jpg
Photo of David Kuo from twbookmark.com

How People Persuade Us
(posted on 1-11-07)
Much has been written about how to persuade people to do things that they wouldn't otherwise do.  Here are some of techniques that are taught by Roger Dawson, well-known sales and negotiation skills trainer:

"People can be persuaded if they think you can reward them."
"People can be persuaded if they think you can punish them."
"People will buy what you're saying if they think you can both reward and punish them."
"People can be persuaded if you have bonded with them."
"People can be persuaded if the situation limits their options."
"People can be persuaded if they think you have more expertise that they do."
"People can be persuaded if you act consistently."
Secrets of Power Persuasion--- Everything You'll Ever Need to Get Anything You'll Ever Want, by Roger Dawson (1992)

Food Industry Wants Us to Eat More
 
(posted on 1-10-07)
"To satisfy stockholders, food companies must convince people to eat more of their products or to eat their products instead of those of competitors.  They do so through advertising and public relations, of course, but also by working tirelessly to convince government officials, nutrition professionals, and the media that their products promote health--- or at least do no harm."
Food Politics by Marion Nestle (2002), Page 1

Just Asking

Concerns of 4 States to Have Greatest Impact on Who the Next Presidential Candidates Will Be (posted on 1-31-07) 
At present, presidential candidates who can best sell their positions to the voters of Iowa, New Hampshire, Nevada, and South Carolina, the states with the first four 2008 primaries, will be the ones most likely to become the nominees of their parties. Why should the voters of these states have their votes count so much more than those of the other 46?

How Can We Best "Support Our Troops"? (posted on 1-29-07)
Do we support them better by forcing them into more situations where they can be killed or by allowing them to come back home? 

Who Likes Our President?
(posted on 1-27-07)
Which groups of people are the primary beneficiaries of the decisions that President Bush makes?

Psychological Beatings
(posted on 1-26-07)
If someone harms us physically. we can call the police.  If someone harms us psychologically, who do we call?

Do You Ever Buy Because of How Much You Want to Save?
(posted on 1-25-07)
How often do you buy a product or service to save money only to find that you don't use it?

How Real Are Book Testimonials?
(posted on 1-24-07)
Do you think that many of the testimonials written for books are written by people who receive a favor in return from the author or publisher?

How Well Do We Support Our Troops After They Get Hurt?
(posted on 1-23-07)
Once our injured troops return home, do we put enough resources into taking care of them?

What if it Had Happened Under Clinton? (posted on 1-23-07)
Do you think that Republican reaction to the outing of a CIA agent would have been different if it had happened during the Clinton Administration?

Societal Cost of Emotional Manipulation (posted on 1-22-07)
Can you imagine how much happier, healthier, and more productive we would be as a society if we didn't need to spend time dealing with the effects of emotional manipulation?

Why Did We Go to War?  (posted on 1-20-07)
What do you think the president's real reasons were for going to war in Iraq?

Do the Big Media Companies Care? (posted on 1-17-07)
Does it seem like the big media companies used to care a lot more about getting at the truth and a lot less about their bottom line than they do now?

Toxins Are Free Only to Those Who Create Them
(posted on 1-14-06)
When companies produce toxins and don't pay for cleaning them up, we all suffer.  These toxins hurt our health and our taxes are used to try to clean up the messes they create.  How do they get away with taking advantage of the system in this way?

Image Is Everything (posted on 1-12-07)
Do you ever wonder why politicians seem to make decisions based on "appearing strong" or "saving face" rather than on saving or improving people's lives?

Iraqi's Will Soon Begin to Live Happily Ever After (posted on 1-10-07)
In his nationally televised address tonight, President Bush explained that "If we increase our support at this crucial moment and help the Iraqis break the current cycle of violence, we can hasten the day our troops begin coming home,"  The "beauty" of this statement is that it sounds so reasonable.  He is telling us to accept that Iraq is in a "cycle" of violence. Do you think the violence there goes up and down in a cycle or does the trend appear to go in one direction?

Hero Authors

T. Colin Campbell and His Son, Thomas M. Campbell II, Authors, The China Study (posted on 2-4-07)
This book provides specific evidence from research studies, using hundreds of citations, showing that eating less animal protein leads to less cancer, heart disease, obesity, diabetes, and Alzheimer's in the population. It focuses, however, on one large study, of people in China, that shows similar results. The authors also describe how much of the information that comes out about nutrition is not based on the public good.
The China Study:  The Most Comprehensive Study of Nutrition Ever Conducted and the Startling Implications for Diet, Weight Loss, and Long-term Health, by T. Colin Campbell, Ph.D., and his son, Thomas M. Campbell II (2006)

cambells_chinastudy.jpg

Harriet A. Washington, Author of Medical Apartheid
(posted on 1-21-07) 
The author details abhorrent medical experimentation and research abuses suffered by African Americans throughout the nation's history in her new book, Medical Apartheid (2007). These injustices were perpetrated by our government, military institutions, prison systems, and medical establishment as a result of the color of people's skin.
Medical Apartheid:  The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present by Harriet A. Washington (2007)
Medical_Apartheid.jpg
A Photo of Harriet A. Washington Is Not Readily Available
Eric_Schlosser.jpg
Photo from MSNBC